Chad

This critical situation is compounded by intercommunal violence and socio-political tensions between different communities. This crisis unfolds against a backdrop of structural poverty, characterized by a severe lack of social services and basic infrastructure, exacerbated by severe weather events resulting from climate change. 

In 2025, the Lake Province of Chad found itself facing a protracted crisis, marked by persistent food insecurity, increased pressure on natural resources, and limited access to water and sanitation services. Population displacement, the erosion of livelihoods, and vulnerability to climate and security shocks have affected host communities as well as internally displaced persons and refugees. 

Eastern Chad has been under significant humanitarian pressure since April 2023 due to the crisis in Sudan and the continued arrival of Sudanese refugees in the provinces of Wadi Fira, East Ennedi, Ouaddaï, and Sila. These four provinces have hosted 902,611 Sudanese refugees since the start of the conflict, including 179,072 people between January and December 2025. This influx of people into an already vulnerable area led to the saturation of social services and the already weak water and sanitation infrastructure, contributing to the spread of a major cholera epidemic. The situation deteriorated sharply beginning in October 2025, following the fall of the city of El Fasher in the province of North Darfur in Sudan, which caused the displacement of an additional 19,383 refugees toward eastern Chad.